This section covers the former Tsarist Russian Empire (pre-1917), which included what today are :

Vital record keeping of births, deaths and marriages became mandatory for Jews in 1835 and was maintained by the Jewish community in columnar format, in both Russian and Hebrew.

Ten censuses (revizskie skazki, meaning 'revision lists') were taken in the Russian Empire for tax purposes in the mid-18th to mid-19th centuries:

There was also an all-Empire census in 1897. The revision lists and censuses did not survive for all areas. They are held by various regional archives and are organised by community, social class and then by address (unindexed).

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